Table of contents
FOREWORD 6
READING GUIDE 7
USED PROGRAMS 9
THE FLUENT AIRFOIL... BECAUSE IT IS SO IMPORTANT FOR THE DESIGN OF FLYING WINGS 12
The zero-lift angle12
The pitching moment of an airfoil 16
THE ACTORS 24
PLANKS, THAT MEAN THE WORLD 31
Airfoil design for planks 34
A little bit of background and initial considerations for designing plank airfoils: 34
The design of modern plank airfoils, especially for mold-making 39
Newer, thinner airfoils (2019) and airfoil strakes 41
The key to performance for planks - the small static margin 48
A brief guide on designing your own flying wing (plank) airfoils 56
Mass distribution in longitudinal direction and flyable static margins 63
Wing geometry 64
The most important geometric variations: 65
Flap management on planks . 67
Flap management on straight and slightly swept planks 70
Directional control (yaw axis) 71
Conventional brakes on planks 73
Brake Split Flaps on the Vertical Stabilizer 76
Planks can brake differently - The Wag stall - a story about innovation and the sacrifices that must be made, and of course - a happy ending 78
Planks designed for wag-stalling 84
Fuselages for planks 93
The vertical stabilizer for planks 98
The size of the vertical stabilizer 98
Airfoils for the vertical stabilizer 106
Statics 109
Unswept / straight planks 109
Slightly swept planks 113
The design of slightly swept wings 113
Dihedral (lateral stability) in a slightly swept wing 115
Directional stability in the case of a slightly swept wing 119
Design example ETTO: 120
Design example Moxie 123
The throwing of planks without fuselage 135
Slightly swept forward planks 136
https://www.thermik-plank.de/viewtopic.php?t=1837&hilit=curst 138
Slight swept forward - Advantages / Disadvantages 138
Design example: Amokka 202 140
The in betweeners (Blended wing bodies) 145
On the aerodynamics of Blended Wing Bodies (BWB) 147
Design example: The original Gizmo 148
Maiden of planks 151
THE SWEPT WING – ASKING FOR TROUBLE 154
PURE FLYING WINGS 155
What is a bell-shaped lift distribution? 158
The Myth of Outer Wing Downwash 160
The first manned aircraft of the Horten brothers' family 164
Systematic consideration of negative yawing moment (static, i.e., without dynamic effects) 165
The design of pure flying wings and the application of Frank Ranis' "Flying Wing" / Nurflügel program -
Design and flight envelope 170
About dihedral in pure flying wings 193
Simulation of the geometry of the Horten II L approximated to the original (simplified design process) 194
Horten II Model, Simplified Design Procedure (- including performance loss -) 199
Improving Performance through Multi-Flap Configuration 202
Multi-flap configuration on the model of the Ho II 205
Special considerations for flying Horten models 209
The Pure Flying Wing - Criticism, Ideas, and Problems to Solve 213
The large static margin 213
Flap Geometry 214
Alternative counteraction of negative rolling moment 214
Split ailerons – drag spoilers 217
Airfoils and washout 220
Root airfoils für Horten Scale-Models 222
Description of airfoil characteristics and recommendations of use for Horten airplanes 225
Root airfoils 225
Strak / blend airfoils midspan for Horten Scale-Models 229
Root airfoils for Horten purpose models, pitch neutral 230
Root airfoils for Horten purpose models, positive pitching moment 233
Tip airfoils for für Horten models 237
Tip airfoils > 8 % thickness for Horten models, balsa construction 238
Tip airfoils < 8 % Thickness for Horten models, composite construction 242
Recommendations for the construction of Horten models 246
Example model of the Horten XIV in plywood, Scale 1:4, span 4 m, weight 5 kg 251
"Why should one go through all this trouble?" 267
THE DESIGN OF SWEPT WINGS WITH WINGLETS AND AN ALMOST ELLIPTICAL LIFT DISTRIBUTION 270
Winglets…….the end (…of the wing) 271
How is lift generated? 272
How does induced drag arise? 272
Winglets, Tip devices and similar – How do they reduce the induced drag? 274
What wingtip devices exist and how do winglets work? 277
Winglets 278
The problematic transition from the wing to the winglet 285
Let's get specific: The design of the Snap 298
Winglets and directional stability 302
Flutter of swept wings 303
Summary: Recommendations against flutter in swept wings 308
The design of the swept wings 308
Outer lift reserves 309
One more example of a flying wing design – Die blonde Helene (3m wingspan) 310
SHAPING THE HORIZONS" - THE MOST EXCITING CHAPTER? 317
Airfoils 318
Wing geometry and static margin 325
Flaps and flap management 330